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The Mexico–United States barrier is a series of walls, strategically placed to inhibit the flow of illegal border crossings into the Southwestern United States. The walled sections are interspersed with a ‘virtual fence’ of sensors and cameras. Supporters claim that the barrier is necessary for controlling Cartel border violence and co-operation with overseas terrorists. Opponents see it as an ineffective deterrent that jeopardizes the health and safety of immigrants and destroys fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande. The Barrier is also known as the Border Fence or Border Wall. == General impact on illegal immigration == The barriers were built as part of three larger "Operations" to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and illegal immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line 〔Michael P. Dino, Evaluator-in-Charge & James R. Russell, Evaluator. December 1994 Border Control: Revised Strategy Is Showing Some Positive; Results: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Transportation and Agriculture, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/govpubs/gao/gao13.htm 〕 in Texas, and Operation Safeguard〔(Operation Gatekeeper, Operation Hold-the-Line, Operation Safeguard )〕 in Arizona. 96.6% of apprehensions by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border.〔(Department of Homeland Security: "Apprehensions by the U.S. Border Patrol: 2005-2010" ) retrieved November 18, 2011〕 The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61% from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,840 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010. The decrease in apprehensions may be due to a number of factors including changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts. Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972.〔 The 1,954-mile (3,145 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas. As of August 29, 2008, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security had built of pedestrian border fence and of vehicle border fence, for a total of of fence. The completed fence is mainly in New Mexico, Arizona, and California, with construction underway in Texas. U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than of fence in place by the second week of January, 2009.〔(U.S. Plans Border ‘Surge’ Against Any Drug Wars ) ''The New York Times'', January 7, 2009.〕 Work is still under way on fence segments in Texas and on the Border Infrastructure System in California. The border fence is not one continuous structure and is actually a grouping of short physical walls that stop and start, secured in between with "virtual fence" which includes a system of sensors and cameras monitored by Border Patrol Agents.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Border Fence )〕 As a result of the effect of the barrier, there has been a marked increase in the number of people trying to illegally cross the Sonoran Desert and crossing over the Baboquivari Mountain in Arizona.〔(Border Desert Proves Deadly For Mexicans )〕 Such illegal immigrants must cross 50 miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.〔〔(One Nation, Under Fire ) ''High Country News'', February 19, 2007.〕 , there have been around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico-U.S. border in the last thirteen years, according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico, also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union〔(El Universal de Mexico (Spanish) ) Retrieved on 09/11/2007〕 Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004; three times that of the same period the previous year.〔 In October 2004 the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months.〔("Border deaths of illegal migrants cause concern" )〕 Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the US-Mexico border. Since 2004, the bodies of 1086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert.〔New Matilda (The Long Graveyard )〕 U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15, 2008 that its agents were able to save 443 undocumented immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers, during FY 2008, while reducing the number of deaths by 17 percent from 202 in FY 2007 to 167 in FY 2008. Without the efforts of these agents, hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona.〔(CBP Border Patrol Announces Fiscal Year 2008 Achievements for Tucson Sector )〕 According to the same sector, border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16 percent compared with fiscal year 2007.〔(Tucson Sector Makes Significant Gains in 2008 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mexico–United States barrier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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